Lesco spreader settings - Below is a guide on Lesco grass seed spreader settings, with listings for standard size particles of fertilizer or grass seed: Lesco Calibration Gauge (80# & 100# Capacity Rotary) 3 mph Ground Speed Lesco Pendulum (Vicon) 4.5 mph Ground Speed

 
Foliar Initial: 42 oz per 100 gallons of water. Drench Initial: 21 oz per 100 gallons of water. Maintenance (every 3-4 weeks): 21 oz per 100 gallons of water. To learn more about LESCO CarbonPRO, visit your nearest SiteOne branch. Reduce nitrogen loss and improve green for up to eight weeks with advanced and exclusive infused stabilized …. Resha roulette for sale

PreM = Lesco Stonewall .68% 0-0-7 (50lb bag, covers 14,800 sq ft) Lawn = ~3,500 sq. ft Spreader = Scott’s Edgeguard Mini ... You can also cut back the spreader settings and make 2 passes, the second set being perpendicular to the first. Reply reply First, apply a header strip—two overlapping passes—of fertilizer around the perimeter of your lawn for easier turns. Start along the longest edge of your lawn. Close the spreader off when making turns to avoid uneven application. After a turn, start walking before opening the spreader. Apply 50% of the product in one direction and the other ... Apply LESCO Fertilizers and Combination Products only with a rotary spreader. The following rotary spreader settings are approximate for the application rates of one pound of nitrogen, phosphate and potash per 1,000 square feet. You may need to adjust the setting depending on walking speed, spreader condition and product.Spreader Settings are approximate and will vary with ground speed pattern, adjustment and changes in the manufacturing of the equipment. You should ALWAYS calibrate your spreader before applying any product. Manufactured by: Tyler Enterprises A Division of Masterblend International, LLC 4673 Weitz Road, Morris, IL 60450 877-658-9537Learn how to adjust your spreader settings for different types of fertilizer products and machines with LESCO. Find the designated setting on the bag and cross reference it to the spreader type using the attached documents.Control Products. When you choose LESCO herbicides, fungicides and insecticides, you’re buying trust. Simply use them in accordance with the directions, and you can expect …3. Cross reference this setting over to your spreader EXAMPLE: Dimension .10% 19-0-6 has a LESCO® spreader setting of 15. Cross referencing it over to a Scott’s EdgeGuard DLX would be a spreader setting of 6 (see below). Please keep in mind that labeled settings on the product bag and those listed below are approximate and should be used ...The Hand-Held Lesco Spreader is designed for maximum efficiency and ease-of-use. Its 5 lb. hopper capacity and scooping handle/hopper design allows for ...Main office hours: 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. EST, Monday – Friday. Phone: 1-800-233-1067. Check out our Spreader Settings Tool to see the correct application rates for GreenView Fertilizers and Grass Seeds.Give Nutrient Efficiency a Big-Time Boost. Formulated with dicyandiamide (DCD) infused stabilized nitrogen to reduce leaching and denitrification, LESCO® NOS (Nitrogen Optimization System) infused stabilized nitrogen allows you to get the most nutritional value from every application. With consistent, lasting performance tailored to …Each bag of fertilizer includes spreader settings to apply the correct amount of pounds for each 1,000 square feet of lawn. The type of Lesco spreader you use dictates how to set it. Spreader Types. The two types of spreaders are drop and broadcast styles. Drop spreaders are generally useful on lawns smaller than 5,000 square feet, because …What Speedy Green 2000 spreader setting should I use to spread Lesco Dimension .21% Plus fertilizer (15-0-5, product #091200) at the rate of 4 pounds/1000 square feet? I could not find this information on the Lesco site. The fertilizer bag recommended the following settings to achieve that distribution rate: Lesco Calibration …Spreader settings are intended as a guide and unit calibration should still be performed to ensure proper application rates. They are not intended to replace calibration.5447 posts · Joined 2008. #2 · Feb 28, 2009. Your spreader should have come with a set of keys with numbers on them. You can get a set at lesco if you no longer have them. Every product is different. Lesco web page has a link to spreader setings on the main page, if you can access it.move to best application setting (see chart below). Pull adjuster upward to lock in place. Note: Gate adjustment settings should only be used as a general guideline for application. Refer to instructions on material you are spreading for most accurate application setting requirements. 3. Application A. Lower edge guard (C) andFeb 21, 2013 ... Comments2 · How to Properly Calibrate a Fertilizer Spreader - LebanonTurf · Watch this before you buy a Lesco Spreader!! · Spreader Maintenanc...Page 3 Calibration Spreader calibration is simplified using the LESCO Professional Granular Applicator Calibration Kit LESCO No. 011900 Two Items must be considered when calibrating a spreader. The ft.). Weigh 20 Ibs. of product and place it in the spreader hop- first is the distribution pattern of the spreader. That is, the pattern...Divide 100 by the square foot the bag of fertilizer will cover. Multiply the weight of the bag by the answer. The result is the amount of fertilizer required to cover 100 sq. ft. Place this quantity in your manual spreader. Mark off a 10 ft. x 10 ft. (ten feet long by ten feet in width area)We cover our top five picks for the best commercial fertilizer spreaders, along with the information you may need to know before purchasing. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home Vi...Download a Pro Agronomic Schedule for Your Region. These plans give you all the expert guidance you need to perfect your turf care plan, from seed and pre-emergent to herbicides, pesticides and more. Cleveland. Indiana. OH.View the chart to see the Ground Logic/Ferris spreader settings. LESCO Broadcast Spreader Stainless Steel w/ Deflector 80 lb. Capacity. Adjustable handle for ease of use by operators of all sizes can be mounted in three positions. Large cam-operated impeller for effective agitation. Stainless steel frame, axle, impeller shaft and on/off assembly for extended wear and durability. RETAIL PRICE. To find the nearest LESCO dealer, visit JohnDeereLandscaping.com, select the Location link at the top of the page, and enter your ZIP code. The search returns a list of all LESCO d...You should make the most of your streaming with these underused Amazon Prime settings. Prime Video comes bundled with your Amazon Prime subscription, and if you’ve been using it to...LESCO PolyPlus fertilizer blends are developed to release nutrients slowly and evenly. The granules are coated to slowly dissolve and release a steady supply of nutrients to maintain the lawn’s health and beauty. Controlled-release nitrogen delivers quick green up and consistent feeding of nutrients for up to six months.Mary Mallon was an Irish immigrant working as a cook in New York. She was a carrier of typhoid fever, but was she really a ruthless murderer? Advertisement Typhoid fever isn't­ a p...How to Use Earthway Spreader Settings Chart. Use ‘Chart 1’ to evaluate the number of LBS/1000 square feet of coverage (Example: 10LBS bag with 5,000 square foot coverage = 2.0LBS/1000 square feet). Find the closest LBS/1000 square feet in ‘Chart 2’ that you’ve evaluated using chart 1.10. Read the LESCO Spreader Calibration instructions packed with your spreader and calibrate following the instructions. Page 7 “S” position. Open the operating lever and insert the even numbered Check the spreader discharge holes with the operating lever in the LESCO Calibration Gauge into one of the open holes in the hopper closed position. Generic Settings Drop Spreaders. If you require additional assistance, our customer service representatives will be happy to assist you. Please call 1-800-233-1067 during normal business hours. Please have the Preen product name, your spreader make and model, your spreaders' dial range, and type (ie:drop or rotary/broadcast) available for ... That’s why landscape professionals continue to count on LESCO for healthy turf and lasting results. So, when you want it done right the first time, turn to what the pros use—ask for LESCO. Featuring these LESCO Technologies: LESCO NOS LESCO PolyPlus-Opti™ LESCO NOS Plus LESCO CarbonPro™ LESCO PolyPlus. Learn More about LESCO Fertilizer. The Scotts Elite Spreader is a high-quality, durable tool designed to make lawn and garden care easy and efficient. With adjustable settings for material type, spread width, speed control, and application rate, this spreader ensures an even and accurate distribution of chemicals, seeds, and other materials.May 24, 2018 · Including spreaders and sprayers that are tough enough to endure punishing work, these tools are designed with intuitive, time-saving features that help you and your crew get in, get out, and get on to the next job. Learn about the best way to dial in your spreader settings. Spreader Setting Specs Product Description. The Lesco 101186 High Wheel Walk-Behind Broadcast Fertilizer Spreader (Lesco is now part of SiteOne) is the industry standard for spreaders with its all stainless steel frame. Widely heralded as the best fertilizer spreader on the market, it is the first choice in the landscaping and lawn care community.Learn how to find the correct settings for your Lesco spreader based on the product application rate per 1000 square feet. Also, learn how to calibrate your spreader and the features of two popular Lesco spreader models.I purchased Lesco Professional Starter Fertilzer (18-24-12) yesterday. I have Scotts Speedy Green 2000 Broadcast spreader but the Lesco product provides spreader settings for only the SCOTTS R8A Rotary spreader. Does anyone know how can I figure out what setting I should use with the Scotts Speedy Green 2000 Spreader to apply the Lesco … Create a boundary of your lawn and ensure it equals 100 sq. ft. in size. You can mark 10 ft (length) x 10 ft. (width). If your fertilizer bag has suggested settings, apply them to your spreader. If there’re no settings, use the Scotts spreader settings chart to adjust your tool to the appropriate application rate. well this is confusing as heck. everybody on YouTube has a video about spreader settings. well if you are a beginner you may leave more confused than you sta...M. mcharlto88 Discussion starter. 13 posts · Joined 2012. #1 · Mar 22, 2012. I recently purchased a Sotts Edguard Mini Rotary spreader and a bag of Lesco 19-0-6 .15 Dimension fertilizer. I've looked all over the internet to try and find a spreader setting to use this fertilizer in my spreader and am unable to find anything.Verdict: Lesco. Spread Distance. I couldn’t find the spreader settings on this Lesco for Milorganite. The dial was numerical, 1-30, but what I researched online was only settings in letter form. So as previously mentioned, I opened each hooper 3/4 of the way and the Spyker definitely threw farther. In fact, Pat said that his old Earthway ...The Scotts drop spreader is optimized for medium-sized lawns, the rotary spreader for larger gardens, and the handy spreader for mini lawns. The settings for the Scotts drop spreader were fixed to 7.5, although it is possible to choose 8.25 for the organic option. Scotts rotary spreader can be set to a minimum of 29.5, all the way to 31.5.How to Use Earthway Spreader Settings Chart. Use ‘Chart 1’ to evaluate the number of LBS/1000 square feet of coverage (Example: 10LBS bag with 5,000 square foot coverage = 2.0LBS/1000 square feet). Find the closest LBS/1000 square feet in ‘Chart 2’ that you’ve evaluated using chart 1.If you want to stop hitting the snooze button every morning, you need to get to bed earlier. Setting an alarm at night will remind you that it’s time to hit the hay, no matter how ...M. mcharlto88 Discussion starter. 13 posts · Joined 2012. #1 · Mar 22, 2012. I recently purchased a Sotts Edguard Mini Rotary spreader and a bag of Lesco 19-0-6 .15 Dimension fertilizer. I've looked all over the internet to try and find a spreader setting to use this fertilizer in my spreader and am unable to find anything.Learn how to find the correct settings for your Lesco spreader based on the product application rate per 1000 square feet. Also, learn how to calibrate your spreader and the features of two popular Lesco spreader …Apr 5, 2019 · well this is confusing as heck. everybody on YouTube has a video about spreader settings. well if you are a beginner you may leave more confused than you sta... LESCO PolyPlus fertilizer blends are developed to release nutrients slowly and evenly. The granules are coated to slowly dissolve and release a steady supply of nutrients to maintain the lawn’s health and beauty. Controlled-release nitrogen delivers quick green up and consistent feeding of nutrients for up to six months.Granular Spreader Settings1,2,3 1 Assume 3 mph walking speed. 2 It is recommended that you calibrate your spreader before application since manufacturer’s settings can va ry among the same model of spreader. An extended Spreader Setting listing can be found at www.lesco.com. 3 Do not apply more than 1.5 lbs. ai/A per year.The Hand-Held Lesco Spreader is designed for maximum efficiency and ease-of-use. Its 5 lb. hopper capacity and scooping handle/hopper design allows for ...Help Understanding Lesco Spreader settings. Hey all. After years of buying new, cheap Scott's spreaders I started looking for a nicer one. I was able to find the Lesco 80lb for a steal on FB marketplace from someone that is moving so I picked it up in almost perfect shape for $150. With the previous Scott's models I was used to dialing them in ...Feb 19, 2016 ... Spreader Settings for Beginners plus how to Calibrate Spreaders. how to apply fertilizer to lawn. Bermuda Grass Central •40K views · 6:21.Formulation can be spread using any standard LESCO spreader (no specialty agitator required) 10-lb. / M* Initial Application; 5-lb. / M* Maintenance Application; How to Apply CarbonPro–L. Packaging. 1 gal. (4x1) 2.5 gal. (2x2.5) 30 gal. 275 gal. available upon request; Residential Turf and Landscape Plantings, Golf Course Greens, …LESCO Spring Seeding Guide. Whether seeding spots or a new establishment; these tips from LESCO seed can help guide you to success. September 14, 2021. It’s the time of year when landscape projects and improvements are at an all time high. The length of a true spring season can vary based on winter’s end and the start of …It will change with each bag of seed and each type of seed. Go by weight and set the seeder to your best guess. Set the seeder at 50% of what you want to put down say set the seeder for 3 lbs per 1000 if you want to put down 6 lbs per 1000. Go ove the lawn once then measure your seed.Adjust the spreader dial to 5 to spread 30 grams of fertilizer per square meter. If you want to use evergreen fertilizers or organic alternatives, adjust the spreader settings to 7.5. For more organic choices, you can set the dial to 8.25. If you’re using Evergreen specifically, dial 6 to deliver 30 grams of fertilizer.The target application rate for the LESCO 15-5-10 is 5.3 pounds of fertilizer applied to every 1000 square foot area of lawn. Spreader settings are provided as a suggested starting point in calibrating each individual spreader. Since no two spreaders or applicators are alike, these settings are not intended to be used as absolute recommendations.May 8, 2021 ... Spring application to control Grub damage. Product purchased from this link. Shopped around and they price matched other vendors to $91 per ...Other BioAdvanced products, or products from other manufacturers, will require a different setting. If you want to use a manual process to find out the best estimate for your spreader setting, a good starting point is to consider the following: 1 lb per 1,000 sq ft = 43.6 lbs per acre. 100 lbs per acre = 2.5 lbs per 1,000 square feet.Slow-release fertilizer with essential nutrients to prepare your lawn for the winter. ... LESCO Spreader Settings. Image. Copyright © 2024 BOMBACI MULCH. All ... Lesco 50-lb Pro Broadcast Fertilizer Spreader. Item # 2759170 |. Model # 092807. Shop Lesco. Get Pricing & Availability. Use Current Location. 50lb rust-proof poly hopper and powder-coated carbon steel frame. Large cam-operated impeller for effective agitation. Axle, impeller shaft and on/off assembly for extended wear and durability. kppurn Discussion starter. 488 posts · Joined 2001. #7 · Oct 16, 2003. Thanks for everyones information. I talked to my Lesco Rep. this morning and got everything squared away. Usually after a trial run, the settings on the lesco fert bags are pretty close. I used the advice I was given and fine tuned it to get the 3 lbs./M I was looking for.Place enough material in the hopper to cover 1,000 square feet. Place your spreader setting on a low setting (usually one-fourth of the spreader setting range or less). Spread the material over a 50 x 20-foot area (1,000 square feet). If there is material left over, increase your setting. If you come up short, decrease your setting.Step #1. Add a weighed portion of the material you’re spreading to the hopper. This weighed portion should ideally follow the recommended quantity used with other spreaders per 1000 sq. ft. If the available manual has a random lbs/1000sq.ft. depending on the spreader, you will need to work with the average, rounding up to the nearest 0.5lbs ...LESCO Broadcast Spreader 50 lb. Capacity. Adjustable handle for ease of use by operators of all sizes can be mounted in three positions. 50# spreaders feature a powder coated Carbon steel frame. Unique cam operated oscillating agitator improves product flow and will not damage product coating. 5-1 gear ratio and enclosed gear set provides even ... Title: 46062_carbonProG.pdf (2)-3 Author: PDF Export Created Date: 20190129130049Z How to Set Your Lesco Spreader. Lesco spreaders are walk-behind broadcasters for applying fertilizer, insecticides and seeds to your lawn or garden. Each bag...Most bags of Lesco fertilizer cover 12,500 sqft. That is 4 pounds per thousand sqft. Be legal. Hire a pro to reduce the risk or over application--or under application. Otherwise weigh what you need and set it low. Keep going over it until you use it all up. Generic Settings Drop Spreaders. If you require additional assistance, our customer service representatives will be happy to assist you. Please call 1-800-233-1067 during normal business hours. Please have the Preen product name, your spreader make and model, your spreaders' dial range, and type (ie:drop or rotary/broadcast) available for ... HOW IT WORKS. Step One. Once applied, soil moisture penetrates the polymer coating through osmosis. Water passes through the outer layer, dissolving the …Jun 15, 2022 · The Scotts drop spreader is optimized for medium-sized lawns, the rotary spreader for larger gardens, and the handy spreader for mini lawns. The settings for the Scotts drop spreader were fixed to 7.5, although it is possible to choose 8.25 for the organic option. Scotts rotary spreader can be set to a minimum of 29.5, all the way to 31.5. If Lesco indicates 4.2 lbs/M at setting 15, that is based on their product which is a standard SGN particle size. If the product you use has a smaller particle size, then your spreader setting would be lower to acheive the same 4.2 lbs/M rate. Most importantly, you will find Lesco's setttings to be a general guideline.Step-by-Step: Setting Up the EdgeGuard Mini Spreader. Follow these step-by-step instructions to calibrate your EdgeGuard Mini Spreader effectively: 1. Measure the Area. Start by selecting a specified area in your yard or garden that you can easily measure. This area should be representative of the larger area you plan to cover with the spreader.Most bags of Lesco fertilizer cover 12,500 sqft. That is 4 pounds per thousand sqft. Be legal. Hire a pro to reduce the risk or over application--or under application. Otherwise weigh what you need and set it low. Keep going over it until you use it all up.First, apply a header strip—two overlapping passes—of fertilizer around the perimeter of your lawn for easier turns. Start along the longest edge of your lawn. Close the spreader off when making turns to avoid uneven application. After a turn, start walking before opening the spreader. Apply 50% of the product in one direction and the other ...Firstly, ascertain the type of product you will be using. Whether it be fertilizer, seed, granules, or any other lawn care product. Contrast the product with its corresponding setting on the Scotts Spreader settings conversion chart. Adjust the dial on your Scotts Spreader to match the number indicated on the chart.Tighten the lower lock nut and recheck. Repeat this procedure until the holes are fully closed. HOW TO ACHIEVE A UNIFORM DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: The accurate …HOW IT WORKS. Step One. Once applied, soil moisture penetrates the polymer coating through osmosis. Water passes through the outer layer, dissolving the …Most bags of Lesco fertilizer cover 12,500 sqft. That is 4 pounds per thousand sqft. Be legal. Hire a pro to reduce the risk or over application--or under application. Otherwise weigh what you need and set it low. Keep going over it until you use it all up.To apply 1.0 lbs N: 17 lbs Milorganite/1000 sq ft. To apply 1.5 lbs N: 25 lbs Milorganite/1000 sq ft. To get spreader settings for Milorganite and your spreader, visit the “Spreader Settings” chart.move to best application setting (see chart below). Pull adjuster upward to lock in place. Note: Gate adjustment settings should only be used as a general guideline for application. Refer to instructions on material you are spreading for most accurate application setting requirements. 3. Application A. Lower edge guard (C) and

This spreader settings calculator should be used only for initial spreader settings. You may need to adjust the setting calculated below depending on walking speed, spreader condition, and specific product. Harrell's recommends you calibrate your spreader on a regular basis. NOTE: For walk-behind spreaders, calculations are based on a fixed .... Shiangmi

lesco spreader settings

Learn how to adjust your spreader settings for different types of fertilizer products and machines with LESCO. Find the designated setting on the bag and cross reference it to the spreader type using the attached documents.Apr 24, 2020 · LESCO contracts directly with seed breeders, R&D experts and university researchers to painstakingly select the highest-performing new varieties, in order to meet and exceed our customers’ expectations. We rigorously test seed samples to guarantee quality. We also offer a full selection of seed options, ranging from sun to shade, from drought ... The Scotts drop spreader is optimized for medium-sized lawns, the rotary spreader for larger gardens, and the handy spreader for mini lawns. The settings for the Scotts drop spreader were fixed to 7.5, although it is possible to choose 8.25 for the organic option. Scotts rotary spreader can be set to a minimum of 29.5, all the way to 31.5. Spreader Settings are approximate and will vary with ground speed pattern, adjustment and changes in the manufacturing of the equipment. You should ALWAYS calibrate your spreader before applying any product. Manufactured by: Tyler Enterprises A Division of Masterblend International, LLC 4673 Weitz Road, Morris, IL 60450 877-658-9537 Example: Setting L for a LCO-1000 spreader would be between setting 11 and 12 for a Lesco Rotary spreader with numbers. In this case, you would set your Lesco spreader to setting 11 or 12, or at a 11.5 if you spreader allows. Additional notes: - The Yard Star spreader follows "Earthway Rotary" spreader settings.Scotts Speedy Green 3000 Settings. As with most products on our list, the Scotts Speedy Green 3000 is an ideal tool for sharing chemicals on your grass. For distributing 2.6 lbs worth of fertilizer on a 1000 sq ft space, you should set the dial to 4½.16 posts · Joined 2004. #5 · Jun 8, 2005. What I have found to work in general with the lesco spreader is the setting of 12 is generally around 2lbs/k. setting 13 is .05 lbs more setting 14 is .05 lbs more etc. Ea number between 12 and 18 is throwing out about .05 lbs more. Fertilizer that is low in nitrogen should flow a bit faster as the ...Page 3 Calibration Spreader calibration is simplified using the LESCO Professional Granular Applicator Calibration Kit LESCO No. 011900 Two Items must be considered when calibrating a spreader. The ft.). Weigh 20 Ibs. of product and place it in the spreader hop- first is the distribution pattern of the spreader. That is, the pattern...Engineered with a polymer coating that meters nitrogen over time, LESCO® PolyPlus-Opti makes it easier to deliver linear, consistent greening over time. With a blend of coating thicknesses that deliver 90-, 120- and 180-day release rates, it offers lasting performance plus operational advantages. Download the PolyPlus-Opti Spec Sheet.Need to know appx. where to set my new Lesco spreader at for the transition mix of tall fescue sold by Lesco also. I have a 80# spreader with number settings. Want to put down somewhere between 4 to 5 lbs per 1000 and want a setting suggestion to get me close so I can calibrate it from there. All the bag says is so much …Overseeding. Overseeding rejuvenates existing lawns by filling in sparse areas and improving the overall health and appearance of the grass. Use the Scotts Edgeguard Mini Spreader for overseeding, and consult the conversion chart for the correct settings. As a starting point, settings between 9 and 10 are suggested.Having professional-grade socket sets for your business allows you to take care of many different tasks because they are so versatile. If you buy something through our links, we ma...Lesco Spreader Calibration Question. Hoping to get help figuring out the rate of application for a 50 lb Lesco Spreader. I have checked the spacing using the plastic gauge and opening is set correctly. I did the test by marking off a 20'x50' area, spacing runs 7' apart. I weighed 3.5 lbs out and then weighed what was left after the test. Generic Settings Drop Spreaders. If you require additional assistance, our customer service representatives will be happy to assist you. Please call 1-800-233-1067 during normal business hours. Please have the Preen product name, your spreader make and model, your spreaders' dial range, and type (ie:drop or rotary/broadcast) available for ... HOW IT WORKS. Step One. Once applied, soil moisture penetrates the polymer coating through osmosis. Water passes through the outer layer, dissolving the …Compare this with the ideal and calculate. Increase setting if you are below the proper rate. Decrease if you are above. Repeat. Get your dealer to help you. Use a uniform swath width. Normally you would not use a herbicide in a rotary spreader--it throws it into the flowers and bushes. And let us know of the setting that you find--as Lockup is ...Jul 10, 2019 ... 7:26. Go to channel · LESCO FERTILIZER spreader FIX Spreading Fertilizer // Connor Ward. Connor Ward•47K views · 6:21. Go to channel · How To&...SUGGESTED SPREADER SETTINGS* Recommended Rates in lb per 1,000 sq ft Spreader 3.44 lb 4.02 lb 5.34 lb 8.01 lb LESCO – All Rotary Models #14 #15 #17 #21 PermaGreen 14 15 17 21 Cyclone®/ Spyker® /Z-Spray 4 4½ 4¾ 5¼ Vicon (LESCO Pendulum) 20 28 32 40 *IMPORTANT:These settings are only approximate..

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